Miller Test Used for Defining Obscenity in U.S. Courts

Miller Test Used for Defining Obscenity in U.S. Courts The Miller test is the standard used by courts to define obscenity. It  comes from the 1973 Supreme Courts 5-4 ruling in Miller v. California,  in which Chief Justice Warren Burger, writing for the majority, held that obscene material is not protected by the First Amendment. What Is the First Amendment? The First Amendment is the one that guarantees Americans’ freedoms. We can worship in any faith we choose, whenever we choose. The government cannot restrict these practices. We have the right to petition the government and to assemble. But the First Amendment is most commonly known as our right to freedom of speech and expression. Americans can speak their minds without fear of reprisal. The First Amendment reads like this: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. The 1973 Miller v. California Decision   Chief Justice Burger stated the Supreme Courts  definition of obscenity:  Ã‚   The basic guidelines for the trier of fact must be: (a) whether the average person, applying contemporary community standards would find that the work, taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest ... (b) whether the work depicts or describes, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct specifically defined by the applicable state law, and (c) whether the work, taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value. If a state obscenity law is thus limited, First Amendment values are adequately protected by ultimate independent appellate review of constitutional claims when necessary. To put it in laymans terms, the following questions must be answered:   Is it pornography?Does it actually show sex?Is it otherwise useless? So What Does This Mean?   Courts have traditionally held that the  sale and distribution of obscene material are not protected by the First Amendment. In other words, you can speak your mind freely, including the distribution of printed materials, unless youre promoting or talking about something obscene based on the above standards. The guy standing next to you, an Average Joe, would be offended by what youve said or distributed. A sexual act is depicted or described. And your words and/or materials serve no other purpose but to promote this obscenity.   The Right to Privacy   The First Amendment applies only to disseminating pornography or obscene materials. It doesnt protect you if you share the materials or shout from the rooftop for all to hear. You can, however, quietly possess those materials for your own use and enjoyment because you also have a constitutional right to privacy.  Although no amendment specifically states this, several amendments pay lip service to the issue of privacy. The Third Amendment protects your home against unreasonable entry, the Fifth Amendment protects you against self-incrimination and the Ninth Amendment generally supports your right to privacy because it upholds the Bill of Rights. Even if a right is not specifically stated in the first eight amendments, it’s protected if it’s alluded to in the Bill of Rights.

Homo Erectus Colonization in Europe

Homo Erectus Colonization in Europe Geoarchaeologists working on the coast of the North Sea of Britain at Pakefield in Suffolk, England have discovered artifacts suggesting that our human ancestor Homo erectus arrived in northern Europe much earlier than previously thought. Homo Erectus in England According to an article published in Nature on December 15, 2005, an international team led by Simon Parfitt of the Ancient Human Occupation of Britain  (AHOB) project has discovered 32 pieces of black flint debitage, including a core and retouched flake, in alluvial sediments dated to about 700,000 years ago. These artifacts represent the debris created by flintknapping, the manufacture of a stone tool, possibly for butchering purposes. The flint chips were recovered from four separate places within the channel fill deposits of a stream bed which in-filled during the inter-glacial period of the Early Pleistocene. This means that the artifacts were what archaeologists call out of primary context. In other words, fill in stream channels comes from soils moved downstream from other places. The occupation site- the site where the flintknapping took place- may be just a little upstream, or quite a ways upstream, or may, in fact, have been completely destroyed by movements of the stream bed. Nevertheless, the location of the artifacts in this old channel bed does mean that the artifacts must be at least as old as the channel fill; or, according to researchers, at least 700,000 years ago. The Oldest Homo Erectus The oldest known Homo erectus site outside of Africa is Dmanisi, in the Republic of Georgia, dated to approximately 1.6 million years ago. Gran Dolina in the Atapuerca valley of Spain includes evidence of Homo erectus at 780,000 years ago. But the earliest known Homo erectus site in England prior to the discoveries at Pakefield is Boxgrove, only 500,000 years old. The Artifacts The artifact assemblage, or rather assemblages since they were in four separate areas, include a core fragment with several hard-hammer percussion flakes removed from it and a retouched flake. A core fragment is the term used by archaeologists to mean the original hunk of stone from which flakes were removed. Hard hammer means the flintknappers used a rock to bang on the core to get flattish, sharp-edged chips called flakes. Flakes produced in this manner may be used as tools, and a retouched flake is a flake that shows evidence of this use. The rest of the artifacts are unretouched flakes. The tool assemblage is probably not Acheulean, which includes handaxes, but is characterized in the article as Mode 1. Mode 1 is a very old, simple technology of flakes, pebble tools, and choppers made with hard hammer percussion. Implications Since at the time England was connected to Eurasia by a land bridge, the Pakefield artifacts dont imply that Homo erectus needed boats to get to the North Sea coastline. Neither does it imply that Homo erectus originated in Europe; the oldest Homo erectus are found at Koobi Fora, in Kenya, where a long history of earlier hominin ancestors is also known. Interestingly, the artifacts from the Pakefield site also do not imply that Homo erectus adapted to a cooler, chillier climate; during the time period in which the artifacts were deposited, the climate in Suffolk was balmier, closer to the Mediterranean climate traditionally considered the climate of choice for Homo erectus. Homo erectus or heidelbergensis? The Nature article merely says early man, referring to either Homo erectus or Homo heidelbergensis. Basically, H. heidelbergensis is still very enigmatic, but may be a transitional stage between H. erectus and modern humans or a separate species. There are no hominid remains recovered from Pakefield as of yet, so the people who lived at Pakefield may have been either one. Resources and Further Reading Parfitt, Simon L. The earliest record of human activity in northern Europe. Nature 438, Renà © W. Barendregt, Marzia Breda, et al., Nature, December 14, 2005. Roebroeks, Wil. Life on the Costa del Cromer. Nature 438, Nature, December 14, 2005. An unsigned article in British Archaeology titled Hunting for the first humans in Britain and dated 2003 describes the work of AHOB. The December 2005 issue of British Archaeology has an article on the findings. Thanks to members of BritArch for their additions.

Multi-Channel Retailing Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Multi-Channel Retailing - Speech or Presentation Example The global retail operations of Costco can be primarily classified into four major segments such as: Discount and Variety Retail – Warehouse Clubs and Superstores 2. Grocery Retail 3. Gasoline Retailers and, 4. Online Retailing Source: (Costco Wholesale Corporation, 2012) Advantages Offered by Costco’s Each Distribution Channel The distribution facilities offered by Costco incorporate a large number of potential buyers from different demographic backgrounds that are segregated based on family or business, income-level, age and gender. According to the present revolutionary transformations in the retail format, customers are highly focused on purchasing goods through online or catalog shopping. Therefore, the distribution process of Costco highly utilizes the benefits provided by the online format in order to provide adequate support to each group of customers. The company, in this regard, is highly focused on targeting the customers within the age group of 18 to 45 year s who generally prefer to purchase goods through online retailing format (Costco Wholesale Corporation, 2012). In relation to the similar retailers such as Wal-Mart, the organization has been identified as one of the major competitor for Costco. However, the organization is more competent than its competitors regardless catalogue/online shopping or store retail operations. Differentiating Buying Process of the Customers In relation to the distribution process of products, the operational process of Costco incorporates an effective strategy that ensures to provide various advantages to the organization. Therefore, the major advantageous factors that Costco avail from its exceptional distribution channels including brick and mortar store and catalogue or e-commerce format are depicted hereunder: The ‘shopping in person’ customers of Costco generally tend to purchase their preferred products through a modest online or catalogue format. In this context, the steps of online or catalogue shopping have been discussed hereunder. Identifying Needs: Identifying needs of the products is the initial step where the in-person customers tend to recognize merchandise(s) in accordance with their taste and preference. Searching and Obtaining Information: In this step, the in person customers are focused on searching information about the online store or catalogue regarding the availability, buying terms and condition, payment option and shipping facility among others. Evaluating and Selecting Retailers/Channels: After obtaining information about online/catalogue, the customers evaluate and select appropriate retailer or distribution channel. Visiting Online Shopping Website/ Catalogue: Visiting online shopping website/catalogue is the final step customers wherein the in person customers purchase their preferred or desired products via complying each term and condition of the retailer. In the due course of time, after a consumer starts to continuously visit an onlin e website for purchase his/her loyalty towards the retailer increases. Source: (Costco Wholesale Corporation, 2012) Retail Strategy: Focusing on Retail-Mix Elements Location: Location can be considered as one of the primary elements for any retail organization to efficiently perform its various distributional activities. In the context of the

Hiring Employees Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Hiring Employees - Research Paper Example r evaluation of the existing vacancies that needs to be filled in the new office, as well as the accurate determination of the needs and requirements of the new position is essential for recruiting the right candidate (Farmer, 2004). Therefore, a job analysis is necessary for all the vacancies in the new office, since it makes it possible to tailor the job position to the competencies required, and thus allows for proper classification of each job vacancy. The evaluation of the needs of all the positions to be filled in the new office requires the understanding of the strategic goals of the organization, as well as that of each department in the new office. Considering the fact that the new office to be open is part of an already existing organization, it is essential to establish the core competencies of the staff serving in the different departments of the existing office, which can then be formulated as the qualification requirements for the staffs to be recruited for the new offi ce. While evaluating the core competencies of the new office staff, there is the need to establish the existing gaps in the core competencies, which will in turn help to determine whether the recruitment of the staff for the new office should be done internally within the organization or otherwise (Drinan, 1998). Where there exists a skills gap in the existing employees of the organization, then external recruitment is necessary. The full determination of all the vacancies that exists in the new office and the core competencies that are required in the staffs that will fill these vacancies paves way for the second step in the recruitment process. The formulation of the right description for each job vacancy forms an essential key success factor for recruiting staff (Shermont & Murphy, 2006). This is because; more than anything else, a well formulated and written job description acts as the documented evidence to prevent or defend the legal claims that might arise in the recruitment

First Year of Being a Mother Essay Example for Free

First Year of Being a Mother Essay Seeing my son for the first time after delivery, â€Å"It was love at first sight.† It was in the evening on a cold day, a cold front had just come in. We were in the hospital while family waited for the arrival of my new born child. You think you know the extent of love until you have had a child and see him or her for the very first time. Having a child is learning patience, teaching your child new things, and watching them grow. The first year I thought was going to be tough, being that I knew I had little patience. When you have a child however you learn quickly they run on their time and not yours. He would cry when he was hungry every four hours regardless of how much I wanted to sleep or if I had just dozed off. After a couple of nights I learned he was not going to go to sleep no matter how bad I wanted him to and when he did finally fall asleep I no longer wanted to because all I wanted to do was hold him and admire his peacefulness. He would sometimes wake up and cry only because he wanted to be held often many nights I would be in a good sleep. Every month was a new journey a new adventure with the things he would learn from his father and me teaching him or by him growing and developing. It amazed me how fast he would pick new things up after showing him a couple of times. Even though you don’t realize or notice it children learn every day. He learned by grabbing new objects he had never seen or by watching us do the same things over and over again. He would eventually pick it up and months later would surprise us by doing the same exact things he had seen us do. The new faces he would learn how to make were priceless often making us erupt in laughter. I have watched my son grow from small enough to fit in my arms measuring a little over one foot with room to spare to over three feet long and still growing. He has gone from subtle movements to turning over, sitting up and crawling. I know his learning and growth has just begun. His legs, hand and eye coordination has improved significantly as he has grown older, enabling him to realize who I was and eventually able to stand on his own. I anticipate he will be walking soon. Witnessing him slowly gain more confidence as he learns to let go of the table and stand at first for seconds at a time and now able to stand for minutes at a time has been a proud moment for me. Watching him grow as his mother has given me such joy and amazement on how fast he has grown before my eyes. It feels as if he was still born only yesterday. Alexander turned one in November and this first year was one I will always cherish. The day we brought him home until now has been an experience for each of us. He has taught me I have more patience than I originally thought and I know there are still many years that I will continue to learn as he tests my patience. There will be many days in the future where I will teach him new things, like riding a bike or how to build a tower out of Lego’s, and he will continue to develop and learn. To watch him grow will be my joy in life.

Rock n Roll :: essays research papers

Rock n Roll has never just been music. Heavy metal, Rhythm & Blues, Art Rock, New Wave, and the rest may be primary styles or genres but as sub-categories of rock, or rockin roll they do not cumulatively add up to the whole. Rock n’ Roll is a movement, a lifestyle, in many ways a belief system and all that Rock n Roll is today it owes to history: two years, no more than three when the fabric of American popular culture was torn apart and rewoven, and a new era explosively began. Rock n Roll started with slavery. To understand we must understand what slavery was and where it left the sons and daughters of African who knew nothing of European rods of American culture. Every society has its indigenous music, which serves as entertainment, story teller, and accompaniment to Ritual and Ceremony. It is not nearly sufficient to identify black musical heritage from slave work songs through Rag Time, Blues, Jazz, Gospel, R&B, and the like, and simple extrapolate the line further to encompass Rock n Roll. Rock n Roll starts from these foundations, but adds more, and what it principally add is white America, both in music and in the audience. White America slowly discovered endearing, inspiring, musical heritage that had become central to African Americans lives, and establishing a tradition that is protected this day, began to imitate and adapt black music. Thus this hub rid forms arrived at one time or another, Rock n Roll has incorporated Country and Western, Swing, Classical, Big Band, Folk, and even Tin Pan Alley musical elements, just as it has incorporated Blues, R&B. It would be wrong, therefore, to claim that Rock n Roll is an inherently â€Å"black† music, although clearly without the presence of although clearly without the presence of African

Negative Effects of Aggressive Advertising Essay

Advertisements are everywhere, traveling by all ways possible, infiltrating the privacy that every person holds important to themself and their family. Ads may travel inconspiciously, while the final message they deliver through radio, tv, or billboards, is a harmful nuisance, and one that may root itself unscrupulously into the unconcious minds of honest people. Companies have taken on such aggressive promotional measures that advertising has become degrading, disruptive, and destructive. One of the most corrupt forms of advertising comes from cigarette companies. Cigarette advertisements are degrading not only because the products behind them are proven to be a health hazard, but because the advertisements are focused toward younger generations. Many advertisements use young, attractive, healthy looking models when advertising for a brand of cigarettes or beer. Company promotions have led people to affiliate certain products with feelings of happiness or euphoria. There is no doubt that people smoke the most heavily advertised brands of cigarettes. â€Å"Tobacco advertising increases young people’s risk of smoking by using themes that appeal to them, such as fun times, action, and being popular and attractive.† (Family Education 1). Ads that supply the Surgeon General’s warning along with the main body of the message are blatantly contradictive. These ads prove that there are many forms of advertising without any morals, and that companies will g o to great lengths to have their name and image promoted regardless of the results. The nation’s companies have put themselves before the children. Visual product promotions may not only corrupt viewers, they may also be financially destructive to the communities surrounding them. A billboard can negatively impact the visual character of the area as well as financially lower the surrounding property values. Local economies don’t suffer when communities control billboards. â€Å"A study in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania found that property values rose as much as two hundred fifty five percent after the removal of nearby billboards† (â€Å"Scenic America† 3). Negative aspects of billboards greatly outway the very few, positive, economic upturns a sign  may provide. Billboards may advertise products from television companies to tacos. A sign that fufills its purpose may only provide an increase in profit for one individual business, but in turn will cause a much greater loss in local property values and visual pollution. Visual pollution is the obstructing presence of objects that do not compliment their surroundings. These include stratigically placed advertisements on roads and highways that hinder the aesthetic beauty of consistent, natural surroundings. â€Å"I do not think the short term gain such signs would bring to my business are worth the permanent degradation to our scenic roadsides or the insult to our citizens and visitors who have come to expect more of us† (Scenic America 3). Yet, the degenerative billboard industry flagrantly continues to defeat attempts at regulation. Once again, aggressive advertising has demonstrated that some companies will resort in placing themselves before the community. Not only can advertising be destructive and degrading, it can easily be disruptive. Annoying phone calls may not be considered a dangerous menace, but they do severely disrupt the daily flow of business and personal life. The feeling of invasion is commonly felt when a telemarketer interupts a family dinner, or disturbs a Sunday afternoon nap. The phone call becomes an intrusive cloud that no one cannot hide from. Missouri Attorney General Jay Nixon said, â€Å"Ever since the founding of this country you’ve been able to put a no-trespassing sign on your property. With the invention of telemarketing, that no-trespassing zone no longer includes your dinner table† (Savoye 2). There is no purpose for an advertising operation so aggressive that it breaches the privacy of the American home. This type of disturbance indicates corporations are stepping over the boundaries. When people do nothing to stop the actions of telemarketers, it indicates that control is lost and that th is sort of aggressive advertising is accepted. It is the lack of rigid control over ruthless telemarketers that implies society has been completely enveloped into a world of infinite, disruptive, worthless persuasion. E-mail has created a new form of quick, reliable communication, but recently has been shadowed by another form of troublesome advertisement, spam e-mail. Spam has increased so drastically within the past five years that it has  created a burden that affects almost any person with an e-mail address. It has even come to hinder the very foundation it was built on. â€Å"The explosion of spam today threatens to flood the critical arteries of the networks that carry all e-mail, whether consumers want it or not† (Wenzel 1). Spam has elevated product promotion to a different level where quantities are so tremendous that they block all potential of decent communication. E-mail boxes are so often emptied without the content being reviewed that the advertising email has already destroyed the opportunity of being effective and now poses a hindrance to the efficiency of the entire world network. Perhaps if the nation depended on a much weaker economy, such aggressive advertising could be relevant even if it destroys the privacy of individuals, the beauty of the nation’s landscapes, or attempts to promote unhealthy habits among children. Some view billboards as nothing more than a harmless structure of posts and panels. Many believe that signs are necessary to provide consumers with the perpetual temptation of newer products. It is understandable that entrepreneurs want to make money, but, morally, these aggressive actions by companies should not be endured even if the economy did make a turn for the worst, and they certainly should not be commonplace now. Aggressive advertising is an infestation of termites knawing at the honest framework of society. Much of the work in promoting products involves a dishonest form of thinking, and one that strives to root itself into the next generation. Advertisements have infiltrated almost every part of the nation and have manipulated the very core of society. Corporations have been to the extremes of advertising, only to create ads that disrupt, degrade, and destroy the quality of life. Works Cited Wenzel, Elsa. â€Å"Spam Wars Get Serious† PC World 2 June 2003 24 June 2003 Savoye, Craig. â€Å"States Spare Residents From Telemarketers† google.com 22 December 2000 24 June 2003 Scenic America â€Å"Billboard Control: Fighting Visual Pollution† yahoo.com 24 June 2003 Family Education Network â€Å"Cigarettes — Don’t Believe the Hype† yahoo.com 24 June 2003

Ramon Magsaysay Essay

Last Thursday, November 29, 2012, this is the day that were waiting for. I was so excited to have our last field trip as a high school. This field trip is very memorable for me because Clare, Alaica, Kim, Ray, and I are first time to be late in our last field trip. We arrive at south supermarket at 5:25am, and almost 5 minutes when the bus left us. There’s no extra bus for the late comers like us. I feel nervous at this time because we don’t know what were going to do. No one knows how to go to our first destination. Ray suggested that it’s better for us to go home and ask help to our parents to bring us to Pasay. Clare, Alaica, and I, didn’t agree to his suggestion, because we know that it will only takes a lot to time before we arrive at our first destination. Alaica decided to ask for help in the guard inside the south supermarket. The guard teach us how to go to MOA in Pasay. We ride at the LRT, from Santolan to Cubao. After that we ask the taxi driver to bring us in Mall of Asia, where Nido Fortified Science Discovery Center are found. We finally reached our first destination. We felt happy because we didn’t expect that we did it. Our friends hug us tight like we’ve never seen for a long years. My heart is jumping because of happiness. We roam around and we saw several stuff that are related to science like, earth science, biology, chemistry, and physics. We also had a short film viewing on how the celestial bodies are being formed. We are all amazed on what we’ve seen. It’s like you were in the outer space when you start to watch that video. We are all entertained and at the same time we are learning. Before we leave this place, our mind are filled with the new knowledge and new experience. Our next destination is in Tzu Chi Foundation in Sta Mesa, Manila, whare you can found a good hearted persons. The people here are working hard not for themselves, but for the people who are disabled. They do it without waiting for any return. When you go inside, you will found their low price shop, where recycled bottles are turned into useful once. All of the items inside are very affordable and useful. The money that are being entered to them, will add to their fund that supports to their charity. Our last destination is in Galilee Mansion Garden Resort in Bulacan. Here, we enjoy our last tour even in the middle of the hottest of the sun. We don’t care on what will happened to our skin texture, because all we want is to  grab this opportunity to feel relax, enjoy, and have bonding with my fellow students and friends. After this adventurous field trip, we ended our day with the smile in our faces. This is our last field trip as 4th yr. student, that’s why this field trip is very memorable for us. I.Hindi pinayagan ng gobyerno ang pag-alis ni former president Gloria Macapagal Arroyo at ang asawa nito na si Jose Miguel â€Å"Mike† Arroyo.Papuntang HongKong para mag pagaling sa hinarap na sakit ng dating pangulo na hypoparathyroidism.Pinigilan sila ng mga opisyales ng â€Å"immigration† sa pag-sakay nila sa anumang eroplano o sa pag alis ng Bansa. Ngayon ay nagpapagaling siya sa Saint Luke’s Hospital.Madaming napahayag kung ano na ang kalagayan ng dating pangulo,Kaya ipapatawag ang mga doktor na nag-aalaga ngayon sa dating pangulo. II.Para sa akin ay tama lang ang hindi pag-payag ng ating pamahalaan na makaalis ng bansa para mag-pagamot si Gng.Gloria Macapagal Arroyo.Dahil pwede naman siyang pag-gamot dito sa Pilipinas at mag-pagaling,Madaming magagaling na doktor ang Pilipinas.At saka baka siya lamang ay tumakas sa isasampang kaso sa kanya. III. Panghuli at pinakamahalaga sa akin bilang isang batang Pilipino ay ang pag-titiwala ni Gng.Gloria Macapagal Arroyo sa mga doktor ng Pilipinas na magagamot siya kahit mas maunlad ang mga kagamitan ng ibang bansa sa pag-gamot kaysa dito sa Pilipinas Ito na ang ating huling sandali Di na tayo magkaka mali Kasi wala ng bukas Sulitin natin ito na ang wakas Kailangan na yata nating umuwi Hawakan mo aking kamay Bago tayo maghiwalay lahat lahat ibibigay lahat lahat Paalam sa ating huling sayaw Mag dulo pala ang langit Kaya’t sabay tayong bibitaw Sa ating huling sayaw Di na malayan na malalim na ang gabi (malalim na ang gabi) Pero ayoko sanang magmadali (wag kang magmadali) Kay tamis kay sarap Ngunit ito na ang huli Kailangan na yata natin umuwi Hawakan mo aking kamay Bago tayo maghiwalay lahat lahat ibibigay lahat lahat Paalam sating huling sayaw Mag dulo pala ang langit Kaya’t sabay tayong bibitaw Sa ating huling sayaw Paalam sa ating huling sayaw May dulo pa la ang langit Kaya’t sabay tayong bibitaw Sa ating huling sayaw Paalam sating huling sayaw May dulo pala ang langit Kaya’t sabay tayong bibitaw Sa ating huling sayawa

Lysanders love Essays

Lysanders love Essays Lysanders love Paper Lysanders love Paper The two women argue. Hermia accuses Helena of steeling Lysanders love from her and Helena argues that she is in on the act. Demetrius and Lysander begin to row about who loves Helena the most. The arguments are full of extreme dislike emotion and generate images of hell once again. There is a theme of jealousy here. Puck is told to fix his problems. He pretends to be each human to separate them and get the right couples together, Hermia and Lysander, and Helena and Demetrius. Titania is fussing over Bottom and the fairies are taking very good care of him too. Oberon begins to feel sorry for Titania falling in love with a so-called monster. He makes her fall back in love with him. She thinks she was having a bad dream when she wakes up back in love with her real partner. Theseus, Hippolyta and Egeus find the lovers and Bottom. Egeus is reminded that it is time for Hermia to make her decision about whether to live or die, but Demetrius interrupts and says he does not want to be with Hermia, as he does not lover her, he loves Helena. He believes you should be with the person you love, and not be forced into it. The Duke and Queen resolve the matter by allowing the two couples to be together for eternity. Bottom is left sleeping. Once again we have images of the sun and moon, they are symbolic of the natural forces having control over other things. They suggest magic fate and forces have an impact and influence on happenings. This also suggests and links into astrological horoscopes which many people read today. People try and change fate, to prevent bad things from occurring. The actors cannot find Bottom until when he decides to wake and shows up late. Everyone turns up to watch the play at the wedding. The play is performed with some comedic wit. The clock strikes twelve and it is the end of the Summer Solstace. Everything turns magical and is enhanced by the fairy world. A Midsummer Nights Dream is still a very important play today. It shows and teaches us of issues in and around love and furthermore magic. In the play Oberon serves as a magical counterpart to the human males and, thus, in his relationship to Titania, provides a different view of love and the relationship with the beloved. The magic that Oberon chooses to teach Titania a lesson is responsible for all the comic misadventures of the plot. The play additionally shows us how men and women treat each other. Hermia and Lysander demonstrate the relationship of undying love towards each other. On the other hand you have the relationship between father and daughter, Egeus and Hermia. Egeus wants Hermia to be with someone whom she does not love, and tries to threaten her. This illustrates that not only is Egeus being selfish, he is also being protective and wanting the best for his daughter. This establishes tension as the audience is left to decide whom they side with. Another example of how men and women treat each other is the association of Helena and Demetrius. Helena does all she can for Demetrius and is very affectionate towards him, however Demetrius dismisses her out of hand because he doesnt care for her. Still today we find families and partners arguing about love, you can even find arguing between men and women in the work place fighting for equal pay. This is one of the many reasons that A Midsummer Nights Dream is still important in todays society. This part of the play also symbolises arranged marriages in cultures and todays civilization. This is also shown through the battle of power between Oberon and Titania, and again today via religion. The play whats more presents to the audience the theme of magic, and the issue that magic, or even money cannot buy love. It displays that relationships are not an easy ride and do need working at. The course of true love never did run smooth. In the play the magic seems to do more harm than good, creating a moral to the story; magic can do no good, it is evil and can hurt people in many ways not realised. The idea of the play is revolved around the inspiration of the Summer Solstace. The Summer Solstace is the longest day of the year, and it is believed this is the day when amazing magical happenings occur. The background of the play and the framework is built around the Summer Solstace. All the things happening in the play, the lovers, the goings on in the fairy world and the mechanicals all have an effect on the outcome of the circumstance they are leading up to. A modern audience would have problems in understanding the context of the magic because in a play it is a lot harder to parade magic as you cannot use camera tricks as it is live, you need to demonstrate it visually. Shakespeares language creates word play with humour and misunderstandings.

The History and Purpose of the U.S. Federal Reserve

The History and Purpose of the U.S. Federal Reserve The Federal Reserve System, created with the enactment of the Federal Reserve Act on December 23, 1913, is the central banking system of the United States. Popularly known as the Federal Reserve or simply the Fed, the Federal Reserve System was created in the belief that centralized, regulated control of the nation’s monetary system would help alleviate or prevent financial crises like the Panic of 1907. In creating the Fed, Congress sought to maximize employment, stabilize the prices of goods and services, and moderate the long-term effects of changes in the interest rate. Since it was first created, events like the Great Depression in the 1930s and the Great Recession during the 2000s have resulted in the modification and expansion of the Federal Reserve System’s roles, responsibilities, and authorities.   Banking in the United States before the creation of the Federal Reserve System was, to say the least, chaotic. Early American Banking: 1791-1863 Banking in the America of 1863 was far from easy or dependable. The First Bank (1791-1811) and Second Bank (1816-1836) of the United States were the only official representatives of the U.S. Treasury Department - the only sources that issued and backed official U.S. money. All other banks were operated under state charter, or by private parties. Each bank issued its own individual, banknotes. All of the state and private banks competed with each other and the two U.S. Banks to make sure that their notes were redeemable for full face value. As you traveled around the country, you never knew exactly what kind of money you would get from the local banks. With Americas population growing in size, mobility, and economic activity, this multiplicity of banks and kinds of money soon grew chaotic and  unmanageable. The National Banks: 1863-1913 In 1863, the U.S. Congress passed the first National Bank Act providing for a supervised system of National Banks. The Act set up operational standards for the banks, established minimum amounts of capital to be held by the banks, and defined how the banks were to make and administer loans. In addition, the Act imposed a 10% tax on state banknotes, thus effectively eliminating non-federal currency from circulation. What is a National Bank? Any bank using the phrase, National Bank in its name must be a member of the Federal Reserve System. They must maintain minimum levels of reserves with one of the 12 Federal Reserve banks and must deposit a percentage of their customers savings account and checking account deposits in a Federal Reserve bank. All banks incorporated under a national charter are required to become members of the Federal Reserve System. Banks incorporated under a state charter may also apply for Federal Reserve membership. The Federal Reserve System: 1913 to DateFunctions of the Federal Reserve System By 1913, Americas economic growth both at home and abroad required a more flexible, yet better controlled and safer banking system. The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 established the Federal Reserve System as the central banking authority of the United States. Under the Federal Reserve Act of 1913 and amendments over the years, the Federal Reserve System: Conducts Americas monetary policySupervises and regulates banks and protects consumers credit rightsMaintains the stability of Americas financial systemProvides financial services to the U.S. federal government, the public, financial institutions, and foreign financial institutions The Federal Reserve makes loans to commercial banks and is authorized to issue the Federal Reserve notes that comprise Americas entire supply of paper money. Organization of the Federal Reserve SystemBoard of Governors Overseeing the system, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, controls operations of the 12 Federal Reserve Banks, several monetary and consumer advisory committees and the thousands of member banks across the United States.The Board of Governors sets minimum reserve limits (how much capital banks must have on hand) for all member banks, sets the discount rate for the 12 Federal Reserve Banks, and reviews the budgets of the 12 Federal Reserve Banks.

Figurative Language versus Literal Language Essay - 4

Figurative Language versus Literal Language - Essay Example Below are some of the most commonly used figurative expressions: Idioms, analogy, metaphor, simile, clichà ©, amphiboly, flame word, hyperbole, euphemism, and colloquialism. All are figurative expressions that may cause confusion and even misunderstanding to the ones that aren’t familiar with them. An idiom is a group of words or phrase that means something else differently from what it says literally. Idioms can actually be considered oral literature. They are passed down from generation to generation as part of culture. Example is â€Å"kick the bucket†, as in Mr. Jones kicked the bucket just yesterday! It would be senseless if a man just kicked a bucket. But kicking the bucket, idiomatically, means to die. It should be avoided in formal correspondences to avoid misunderstanding as idioms are generally geographic in nature. Analogy is another figurative expression that can be confusing. Analogy can be confusing if you do not know the references that the speaker uses in a sentence, especially if the speaker uses pop culture references (I will be a Marshall to your Lily. – in reference to the couple in the TV show How I Met Your Mother). But generally, it is quite useful in simplifying complicated ideas. For example, The CPU of the computer is like the brain; it is the commanding center. For students learning computer, it would be easy to remember: CPU = brain, but the elements used in idioms should be universally known to prevent misunderstandings. A metaphor, on the other hand, is similar to analogy but it does not compare two things directly. In a metaphor, the comparison is asserted to an otherwise unrelated object although one can argue that a metaphor is a type of analogy. A famous metaphor by Shakespeare goes: All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women merely players; they have their exits and their entrances, from As You Like